Fan identification as a precursor of loyalty towards a football team, a sys-tematic review.

Tomás Arroba, Gemma Maria Gea-García, Juan Antonio Sánchez-Sáez, Elena Conde-Pascual

Abstract


A great number of elements can be differentiated that could be the precursors of fan identification and loyalty towards a football team. In light of this, the objective of this review was to collect information about each route that intervene in fan identification in order to know and predict the fan consumer behavior. For the research development, the Cochrane, EBSCO SPORTDiscus, PUBMED and Web of Science (WOS) databases were used. Of the 290 initial articles, 84 were selected. This systematic review was made following the PRISMA criteria. The results obtained showed the existence of multiple strategies for achieving fan identification, such as: social interaction, the history of the club and the city, the style of play, or the stadium. As a conclusion, football clubs will be able to use the different routes mentioned above to achieve the identification of their fans with the team. Through the development of fan identification an increase in customer consumption can be achieved.

Keywords


identity; loyalty; supporters; soccer.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abosag, I., & Roper, S. (2012). Examining the relationship between brand emotion and brand extension among supporters of professional football clubs. European Journal of Marketing, 46(9), 1233-1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090561211247810.

Angell, R. J. Gorton, M, Bottomley, P., & White, J. (2016). Understanding fans’ respons-es to the sponsor of a rival team. European Sport Management Quarterly, 16(2), 190-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2015.1135975.

Argan, M., & Özgen, C. (2019). In good times and bad times: a model of fan loyalty drawn from Turkish Super League supporters. International Sports Studies, 41(1), 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30819/ iss.41-1.04.

Ballouli, K., Reese, J., & Brown, B. (2017). Effects of mood states and team identifica-tion on pricing in the secondary ticket market. Sport, Business and Manage-ment: An International Journal, 7(3), 276-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/SBM-01-2016-0002.

Behrens, A., & Uhrich, S. (2019). Uniting a sport teams’ global fan community: proto-typical behavior of satellite fans enhances local fans’ attitudes and perceptions of groupness. European Sport Management Quarterly. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2019.1643384.

Berendt, J., & Uhrich, S. (2016). Enemies with benefits: the dual role of rivalry in shap-ing sports fans’ identity. European Sport Management Quarterly,16(5), 613-634. doi:10.1080/16184742.2016.1188842.

Bergmann, A., Schmidt S., L., Schreyer D., & Torgler, B. (2015). Age and organizational identification: empirical findings from professional sports. Applied Economics Letters,23(10), 718-722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2015.1102837.

Bernache-Assollant, I., Bouchet, P., Auvergne, S., & Lacassagne, M.F. (2011). Identity crossbreeding in soccer fan groups. A social approach: The case or Marseille. HAL Archives-Ourvertes, 35(1), 72-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723510396667.

Biscaia, R., Correira, A., Ross, S., & Rosado, A. F. B. (2013). Sport sponsorship: The re-lationship between team loyalty, sponsorship awareness, attitude toward the sponsor, and purchase intentions. Journal of Sport Management, 27(4), 288-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.27.4.288.

Biscaia, R., Correira, A., Ross, S., & Rosado, A. F. B. (2014). Sponsorship effectiveness in professional sport: An examination of recall and recognition among football fans. International Journal of Sport Marketing and Sponsorship, 16(1), 7-23. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1108/IJSMS-16-01-2014-B002.

Biscaia, R., Ross, S., Yoshida, M., Correia, A., Rosado, A., & Marôco, J. (2015). Investi-gating the role of fan club membership on perceptions of team brand equity in football. Sport Management Review, 19(2), 157-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2015.02.001.

Blank, A. S., Koenigstorfer, J., & Baumgartner, H. (2017). Sport team personality: It’s not all about winning. Sport Management Review, 21(2), 114-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2017.05.004.

Bravo, G. A., Won, D., & Lee, C. (2013). Team USA and the 2010 FIFA World Cup: an examination of TV fans viewing intention. International Journal of Sport man-agement and marketing, 14(1-4), 169-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2013.060636.

Carvalho, W. G., Molleta, S. R., Stinghen, F. M., & Knaut, C. M. F. (2013). Estudo sobre a satisfação do sócio-torcedor do Paraná Clube. Revista Intercontinental de Gestão Desportiva 3(1), 54-70.

Charleston, S. (2009). The English football ground as a representation of home. Jour-nal of Environmental Psychology, 29(1), 144-150. doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.06.002.

Cohen, A. (2017). Fans’ identification with teams: a field study of Israeli soccer fans. Cogent Social Sciences, 3(1), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/23311886.2017.1375062.

Cortsen, K. (2014). Capitalising on CSR-based partnerships in sport branding and sports sponsorship. Sport Management and Marketing. 15(1-2), 75-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2014.069105.

De Groot, M., & Robinson, T. (2008). Sport fan attachment and the psychological con-tinuum model: A case study of an Australian football league fan. Leisure/Loisir, 32(1), 117-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2008.9651402.

Decrop, A., & Derbaix, C. (2002). Colors and scarves: the symbolic consumption of ma-terial possessions by soccer fans. Advances in Consumer Research 29, 511-518.

Delia, E. B. (2014). The exclusiveness of group identity in celebrations of team success. Sport Management Review, 18(3), 396- 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2014.10.006.

Derbaix, C., & Decrop, A. (2011). Colours and scarves: an ethnographic account of foot-ball fans and their paraphernalia. Leisure Studies, 30(3), 271-291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2010.527356.

DeSarbo, W., & Madrigal, R. (2012). Exploring the demand aspects of sports consump-tion and fan avidity. Interfaces, 42(2), 199-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.1110.0575.

Devlin, M. B., Billings, A. C., & Brown, K. A. (2015). Interwoven statesmanship and sports fandom: World Cup consumption antecedents through joint lenses of na-tionalism and fanship. Communication & Sport, 86-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479515593417.

Dhurup M., Dubihlela, J., & Surujlal, J. (2010). Dimensions of attachment among fans within the South African Premier Soccer League (PSL) and the relationship with attendance. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 16(3), 474-486.

Dimmock, J. A., Grove, J. R., & Eklund, R. C. (2005). Reconceptualizing team identifica-tion: new dimensions and their relationship to intergroup bias. Group Dynam-ics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 9(2), 75-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.9.2.75.

Doyle, J. P., Filo, K., Lock, D., Funk, D. C., & McDonald, H. (2016). Exploring PERMA in sport spectator: Applying positive psychology to examine the individual-level benefits of sport consumption. Sport Management Review, 19(5), 1-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2016.04.007.

Funk, D. C., & James, J. (2001). The psychological continuum model: a conceptual framework for understanding an individual’s psychological connection to sport. Sport Management Review, 4(2), 119-150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70072-1.

García-del Barrio, P. (2016). Measuring empathy feelings in football through media value. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 25(1), 37-42.

Gau, L., Wann, D. L., & James, J. D. (2010). Examining relations of entertainment with social interaction motives and team identification. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 111(2), 576-588. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/05.07.PMS.111.5.576-588.

Gkorezis, P., Bellou, V., Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., & Tsiftsis, A. (2016). Linking football team performance to fans’ work engagement and job performance: Test of a spillover model. Journal and Organizational Psychology, 89(4), 1-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joop.12155.

Gong, B., Pifer, N. D., Kim, M., & Qian, Y. (2015). Fans’ attention to, involvement in, and satisfaction with professional soccer in China. Social Behavior and Person-ality an International Journal, 43(10), 1667-1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.10.1667.

Grieve, F. G., Zapalac, R. K., Visek, A. J., Wann, D. L., Parker, P. M., Partridge, J., & Lanter, J. R. (2009). Identification with multiple sporting teams: how many teams do sport fans follow? Journal of Contemporary Athletics, 3(4), 284-294.

Guest, A. M., & Luijten, A. (2017). Fan culture and motivation in the context of success-ful women’s professional team sports: A mixed-methods case study of Portland Thorns fandom. Sport in Society,21(7), 1013-1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2017.1346620.

Harkin, C., & Bairner, A. (2010). Sky blue and green: Manchester City and the Manches-ter Irish. Soccer & Society, 11(3), 213-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660971003619479.

Harris, L., & Ogbonna, E. (2008). The dynamics underlying service firm-customer rela-tionships: insights from a study of English Premier League soccer fans. Journal of Service Research, 10(4), 382-399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094670508314711.

Heere, B., & James, J. D. (2007). Stepping outside the lines: developing a multidimen-sional team identity scale based on social identity theory. Sport Management Review, 10(1), 65-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70004-9.

Hickman, T. M. (2015). The impact of fan identification, purchase intentions, and spon-sorship awareness on sponsors’ share of wallet. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 24(3), 170-182.

Hills, S., Heere, B., & Walker, M. (2018). The British Olympic football team: A quasi- experimental assessment of support for a new sport team among Scottish and English football fans. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsor-ship, 19(3), 276-289. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-05-2016-0017.

Hunt, K. A., Bristol, T., & Bashaw, R. E. (1999). A conceptual approach to classifying sports fans. Journal of Service Marketing, 13(6), 439-452. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876049910298720.

Jacoby, J., & Kyner, D. B. (1973). Brand loyalty vs repeat purchasing behavior. Journal of Marketing Research, 10, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224377301000101.

Jones, I. (2010). A model of serious leisure identification: The case of football fandom. Leisure Studies, 19(4), 283-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360050118841.

Jones, I., Brown, L., & Richards, S. (2014). Watching the FIFA World Cup 2010 in Eng-land: the sojourner perspective. Leisure Studies, 33(1), 48-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2012.727457.

Jones, M. V., Coffee, P., Sheffield, D., Yangüez, M., & Barker, J. B. (2012). Just a game? Changes in English and Spanish soccer fans’ emotions in the 2010 World Cup. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(2), 162-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.10.008.

Kang, S. (2015). The mobile phone and professional sports: fans’ use of mobile content for loyalty, identification and fandom. International Journal of Sport Communi-cation, 8(4), 452-476. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2015-0098.

Kennedy, P., & Kennedy, D. (2012). Football supporters and the commercialisation of football: comparative responses across Europe. Soccer & Society, 13(3), 327-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2012.655503.

Kerr, A. K., & Emery R. R. (2016). Beyond Tippekampen: the origins and maintenance of Scandinavian support for the Liverpool FC. Soccer & Society, 17(4), 512-526. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2014.936721.

Kerr, A. K., & Emery, P. R. (2011). Foreign fandom and the Liverpool FC: A cyber-mediated romance. Soccer & Society, 12(6), 880-896. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2011.609686.

Kerr, A. K., & Emery, P. R. (2011). The allure of an ‘overseas sweetheart’: A Liverpool F.C. brand community. International Journal Sport Management and Market-ing, 9(3-4), 201-219. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2011.041572.

King, A. (2003). Football fandom and post-national identity in the New Europe. British Journal of Sociology, 51(3), 419-442. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2000.00419.x.

Klugman, M. (2009). Loves, Suffering and Identification: the Passions of Australian Football League Fans. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 26(1), 21-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802500071.

Kossakowski, R., & Besta, T. (2018). Football, conservative values, and a feeling of one-ness with the group. East European Politics and Societies and Cultures, 32(4), 866-891. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325418756991.

Kunkel, T., Doyle, J. P., Funk, D. C., Du, J., & McDonald, H. (2016). The development and change of brand associations and their influence on team loyalty over time. Journal of Sport Management 30(2), 117-134. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2015-0129.

Laveire, D. A., & Arnett, D. B. (2000). Factors affecting fan attendance: the influence of identity salience and satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(2), 225-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2000.11949915.

Llopis-Goig, R. (2013). Identificación con clubes y cultura futbolística en España. Una aproximación sociológica. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte 33(9), 236-251.

Lock, D. J., Taylor, T., Funk, D. C., & Darcy, S. (2012). Exploring the development of team identification. Journal of Sport Management, 26, 283-294.

Lock, D., Funk, D. C., Doyle, J. P., & McDonald, H. (2014). Examining the longitudinal structure, stability, and dimensional interrelationships of team identification. Journal of Sport Management, 28(2), 119-135. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2012-0191.

Lock, D., Taylor, T., & Darcy, S. (2011). In the Absence of Achievement: The Formation of New Team Identification. European Sport Management Quarterly, 11(2), 171-192. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2011.559135.

Madrigal, R. (2000). The Influence of Social Alliances with Sports Teams on Intentions to Purchase Corporate Sponsors' Products. Journal of Advertising, 29(4), 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2000.10673621

Madrigal, R. (2013). The Influence of Social Alliances with Sports Teams on Intentions to Purchase Corporate Sponsors' Products. Journal of Advertising, 29(4), 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2000.10673621.

Madrigal, R., & Chen, J. (2008). Moderating and mediating effects of team identifica-tion in regard to casual attributions and summary judgments following a game outcome. Journal of Sport Management, 22(6), 717-733. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.22.6.717.

Mael, F., & Ashforth, B. E. (1992). Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of refor-mulated model of organizational identification. Journal of Organizational Be-havior, 13(2), 103-123. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130202.

Martínez, R. J., & Janney, J. J. (2015). Market reactions to corporate sponsorship of Eu-ropean football kits: The moderating effects of firm congruence. Journal of Sport Management, 29(2), 211-222. https://doi.org/10.1123/JSM.2014-0123.

Medcalf, R., & Griggs, G. (2014). I never saw him play but were the best of friends: A case study exploring the Pseudosocial relationships of football manager bloggers. Communication & Sport, 3(3), 334-347.

Meier, H., E., Strauss, B., & Riedl, D. (2015). Feminization of sport audiences and fans?. Evidence from German men’s national soccer team. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 52(6), 712-733. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690215612457.

Melnick, M. J., & Wann, D. L. (2010). An examination of sport fandom in Australia: so-cialization, team identification, and fan behavior. International Review for the Sociology of Sports 46(4), 456-470. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690210380582.

Miller, P. K., & Benkwitz, A. (2015). Where the action is: Towards a discursive psycholo-gy of “authentic” identity in soccer fandom. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 23, 40-50. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.11.002.

Mintert, S., & Pfister, G. (2015). The FREE project and the feminization of football: The role of women in the European fan community. Soccer & Society, 16(2-3), 405-421. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2014.961383.

Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. Plos Medi-cine 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.

Mutz, M., & Gerke, M. (2017). Major sporting events and national identification: the moderating effect of emotional involvement and the role of the media. Commu-nication & Sport, 6(5), 605-626. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479517733447.

Newson, M., Buhrmenster, M., & Whitehouse, H. (2016). Explaining lifelong loyalty: the role of identity fusion and self-shaping group events. PLOS One, 11(8), e0160427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160427.

Oman, B., Pepur, M., & Arneric, J. (2016). The impact of service quality and sport-team identification on the repurchase intention. Management, 21(1), 19-46.

Onwumechili, C., & Oloruntola, S. (2014). Transnational communications, attitudes and fan identity: Studying Nigeria post-media reform. Soccer & Society, 15(3), 389-410. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2013.828590.

Özgen, C., & Argan, M. (2017). The mediator effect of team identification in relation-ship between attitudinal loyalty and behavioral loyalty: A study on soccer fans in Turkey. Sport Soccer International Journal. Special Issue, 45-54.

Parganas, P., Papadimitriou, D., Anagnostopoulos, C., & Theodoropoulos, A. (2017). Linking sport team sponsorship to perceived switching cost and switching inten-tions. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(4), 457-484. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2017.1318410.

Porat, A. B. (2010). Football fandom: A bounded identification. Soccer & Society, 11(3), 277-290. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660971003619594.

Porat, A. B. (2014). Who are we? My club? My people? My state? The dilemma of the Arab soccer fan in Israel. International Review for the Sociology of Sports 49(2), 175-189. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690212458506.

Rainey, D. W., Yost, J. H., & Larsen J. (2011). Disappointment Theory and disappoint-ment among football fans. Journal of Sport Behavior, 34(2), 175-187.

Rocha, C. M., & Fleury, F. A. (2017). Attendance of Brazilian soccer games: the role of constraints and team identification. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(4), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2017.1306871.

Rosca, V. (2017). Stop hitting the woodwork! CRM for better fan-identification in Ro-manian second division football clubs. De Gruyter Open, 711-719. https://doi.org/10.1515/picbe-2017-0075.

Rosenberg, P., Yun, J., Rahman, M., Köcher, S., & de Oliveira, M. (2019). Gooool: moti-vation drivers of attitudinal and behavioral fan loyalty in Brazil. Brazilian Jour-nal of Marketing, 18(4), 116-136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/remark.v18i4.16386.

Sayan, A., Gorgulu, V., & Aslanbay, Y. (2017). A social influence perspective on uses of online football forums: The case with Turkish football fans. IGI Global, 271-292.

Schlesinger, T., & Nagel, S. (2018). Individual and contextual determinants of stable volunteering in sport clubs. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 53(1), 101-121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690216638544.

Schramm, H., & Knoll, J. (2015). Effects of women’s football broadcastings on viewers’ mood and judgments: Investigating the moderating role of team identification and sex. Communication Research, 44(1), 54-76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215583894.

Shapiro, S. L., Ridinger, L. L., & Trail, G. T. (2013). An analysis of multiple spectator consumption behaviors, identification, and future behavioral intentions within the context of a new college football fandom. Journal of Sport Management, 27(2), 130-145. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.27.2.130.

Shawn, S., & Rosenberger, P. (2012). The influence of involvement, following sport and fan identification on fan loyalty: An Australian perspective. International Jour-nal of Sport Marketing and Sponsorship, 13(3), 220-234.

Solberg, H. A., & Mehus, I. (2014). The challenge of attracting football fans to stadia?. International Journal of Sport Finance, 9, 3-19.

Stevens, S., & Rosenberger, P. J. (2012). The influence of involvement, following sport and fan identification on fan loyalty: An Australian perspective. International Journal of

Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 13(3), 57–71.

Swanson, S., & Kent, A. (2015). Fandom in the workplace: Multi-target identification in professional team sports. Journal of Sport Management 29, 461-477. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2014-0132.

Tajfel, H. (1978). Differentiation between social groups: studies in the social psycholo-gy of intergroup relations. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.

Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psycholo-gy, 33, 1-39.

Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. In W. G. Austin, & S. Worchel (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, (33-47). England, Oxford.

Theodorakis, N. D., Dimmock, J. A., Wann, D. L., & Barlas, A. (2010). Psychometric evaluation of team identification scale among Greek sport fans: A cross-validation approach. European Sport Management Quarterly, 10(3), 289-305. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184741003770180.

Theodorakis, N. D., Wann, D. L., Nassis, P., & Luellen, T. B. (2012). The relationship be-tween sport team identification and the need to belong. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 12(1-2), 25. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2012.051249.

Thomas, R. J. (2015). Out with the old and in with the new: A study of new kit sponsor-ship and brand associations in the Barclays Premier League. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 24(3), 229 – 251. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-07-2014-0657.

Trail, G. T., Anderson, D. F., & Fink, J. S. (2005). Consumer satisfaction and identity theory: a model of sport spectator conative loyalty. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 14(2), 98-111.

Trail, G. T., Fink, J. S., & Anderson, D. F. (2003). Sport spectator consumer behavior. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12(1), 8-17.

Visek, A. J., Grieve, R., Zapalac, R. K., Wann, D. L., Parker, P. M., Partridge, J., & Lanter, J. R. (2009). Identification with multiple sporting teams: How many teams do sport fans follow?. Journal of Contemporary Athletics, 3(4), 283-294.

Walker, M., & Kent, A. (2009). Do fans care? Assessing the influence of corporate social responsibility on consumer attitudes in the sport industry. Journal of Sport Management 23(6), 743-769. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.23.6.743.

Wann, D. L. (1994). The “noble” sports fan: the relationship between team identifica-tion, self-steem, and aggression. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78(3), 864-866. https://doi.org/10.1177/003151259407800337.

Wann, D. L., & Pierce, S. (2005). The relationship between sport team identification and social well-being: additional evidence supporting the team identification-social psychological health model. North American Journal of Psychology, 7, 117-124.

Wann, D. L., Melnick, M., Russell, G. W., & Pease, D. G. (2001). Sport fans: The psychol-ogy and social impact of spectators. London: Routledge.

Wann, D. L., Waddill, P. J., Polk, J., & Weaver, S. (2011). The team identification-social psychological health model: sport fans gaining connections to others via sport team identification. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 15(1), 75-89.

Wolfson, S., Wakelin, D., & Lewis, M. (2005). Football supporters’ perceptions of their role in the home advantage. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(4), 365-374. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021567.

Wu, S., Tsai, C. D., & Hung, C. (2012). Toward team or player? How trust, vicarious achievement motive, and identification affect fan loyalty. Journal of Sport Man-agement, 26(2), 177-191. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.26.2.177.

Yoshida, M., Gordon, B. S., Nakazawa, M., & Biscaia, R. (2014). Conceptualization and measurement of fan engagement: empirical evidence from a professional sport context. Journal of Sport Management, 28(4), 399-417. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2013-0199.

Yoshida, M., Gordon, B. S., Nakazawa, M., Shibuya, N., & Fujiwara, N. (2018). Bridging the gap between social media and behavioral brand loyalty. Electronic Com-merce Research and Applications, 28, 208-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2018.02.005.

Yoshida, M., Heere, B., & Gordon, B. S. (2015). Predicting behavioral loyalty through community: why other fans are more important than our own intentions, our satisfaction and the team itself. Journal of Sport Management, 29(3), 318-333. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2013-0306.

Zucco, F. D., Rodrigues, L. C., Kock, N., & Riscarolli, V. (2015). Patrocínio esportivo: perspectivas do envolvimento, identificação e prestígio entre fas e equipe. Podi-um. Sport, Leisure and Tourism Review, 4(3), 140-152. https://doi.org/10.5585/podium.v4i3.137.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.